Medieval+Europe+to+the+Renaissance+&+Reformation

 =__Medieval Europe to the Renaissance & Reformation__ =  By Allie and Eileen!!

VOCABULARY manorialism-**the manorial organization, or its principals and practices in The Middle ages**

serf-**a medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord’s estate.**

mass-**the church service.**

clergy-**a body of officials who perform religious services - such as priests, ministers or rabbis**

fief-**an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in Europe.**

vassal-**in feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services.**

apprentice-**a craftsman in training**

infidel-**one without faith**

baptism-**first sacrament in the Christian religion where one gets the first initiation into the church.**

tithe-**a family’s payment of one-tenth its income to a church.**

heir-** a person who legally succeeds to the place of a deceased person and assumes the rights and obligations of the deceased, as the liabilities for debts or the possessory rights to property. ** monarchy-**a government in which power is in the hands of a single person**

Holy Land-**the biblical land of Canaan, parts of Israel, Jordan and Egypt where the religions of Judaism and Christianity started.**

relic-**a surviving memorial of something past**

guild-**a medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controls its’ members wages and prices**

monopoly-**a group’s exclusive control over the production and distribution of certain goods**

siege-** the act or process of surrounding and attacking a fortified place in such a way as to isolate it from help and supplies, for the purpose of lessening the resistance of the defenders and thereby making capture possible ** cathedral- ** the principal church of a diocese, containing the bishop's throne **  morality- ** conformity to the rules of right conduct; moral or virtuous conduct **  frescoes- ** the art or technique of painting on a moist, plaster surface with colors ground up in water or a limewater mixture **relief-  saint- ** any of certain persons of exceptional holiness of life, formally recognized as such by the Christian Church, esp. by canonization art carving of raised material**  flying buttress- ** a segmental arch transmitting an outward and downward thrust to a solid buttress that through its inertia transforms the thrust into a vertical one **  gargoyles- ** a spout, terminating in a grotesque representation of a human or animal figure with open mouth, projecting from the gutter of a building for throwing rain water clear of a building **  pandemic- **

religious beliefs or opinions that differ from the official teachings of the church ** martyr- ** a person who is put to death or endures great suffering on behalf of any belief, principle, religion or cause ** cavalry- ** the place where Jesus was crucified Luke 23:33 **secular-**concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters**

patron**- person who supports the arts, especially financially**

"The Renaissance Man"**- a man who excelled in many different fields**

Utopia**- imaginary land described by Thomas More, in ideal place**

Reformation**- 16th century movement for religious reform leading to the founding of Christian Churches that reject the Pope's authority**

Indulgences**- pardon releasing a person from a sin**

Humanism ** - thinkers that studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements  ** <span style="color: rgb(0,255,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> T<span style="color: rgb(0,255,0);">erms done by <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> allie and eileen! <span style="color: rgb(124,0,255);">

=<span style="color: rgb(127,0,255); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**__The Renaissance (__By Eileen)** = =<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> = <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -a form of government based on land holding -alliances were between lords and vassals -oaths of loyalty in exchange for land and military service -ranking of power and authority
 * Feudalism (Political System)**

**Manors System (Economic System)** -Lord's estate - a set of rights and obligations between serfs and lords -a manor was a self sufficient community producing a variety of goods



-unifying force of the Christian faith -power over people's everyday lives= excommunication -involvement in political affairs - the church established its own organization -power based on status in Church; Priests, Bishops, Pope -feudalism and manor system created divisions, and the church bonded people
 * The Church (Belief System)**

-wanted to return the basic principles of Christianity because; priests had married and had families, positions of the church were sold by bishops, lay investure put kings in control of the bishops -reform began in 910 with the Benedictine Monastary
 * Reform of the Church**

-a complex set of ideals demanded by a knight; they devoted themselves to their feudal lord, and heavenly lord, protected the weak and poor -in exchange for military service, lords rewarded knights with fiefs -obligation was to serve in battle -knights went from Page, Squire, Knight
 * Code of Chivalry**

-"holy war" to recover Jerusalem and the holy land from the Muslim Turks -people were told that they would go directly to heaven if they joined -the church also saw it as a chance to rid of troublesome knights __First Crusade__- 3 armies gathered outside Constantinople, but had no strategy -July 15, 1099 captured the city/ in 1144, reconquered by the Turks __Second Crusade__- tried to recapture the city but failed/ Jerusalem fell to the Muslim leader Saladin __Third Crusade__- to recapture Jerusalem -led by King Philip Augustus, Frederick, and Richard the Lionhearted/ all left except for Richard the Lionhearted -made a truce in 1192, Jerusalem was in Muslim control, but Christians could visit freely __Fourth Crusade__-looted Constantinople in 1204, ending the crusade
 * The Crusades**

-you were born into them -3 groups; nobles and knights, men and women of the church, peasants
 * Social Classes**

-farming made an important part in the revival -increasing food supply, increased the population, which set up towns -organized land into 3 fields, so farmers could grow crops on 2/3 of land all year; -used horses to plow fields -the church thought it was a sin to loan money with interest -Guilds -as trade increased, populations of cities grew; people left the the manor for "town life" (especially serfs)
 * Trade, Towns and Financial Revolution**



-signed June 15, 1215 -written laws made things fair -guarented certain basic political rights
 * The Magna Carta**

-the war ended in 1453 -French lost many lives > raised power and prestiege of the French Monarchy -feeling of Nationalism -people thought of the King as a leader that fought for the glory of the country -English > War of the Roses ( Two noble families fought for control of the thrown) -strengthened the English parliment -considered the "end" of the Middle Ages - religious devotion and the code of Chivalry crumbled
 * Effects of the 100 Years War**



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=<span style="color: rgb(127,0,255);">**The Reformation** = -started in Italy -when the Bubonic Plague hit Italy -fewer laborers -> higher wages demanded -lower population ---> shrank business oppurtunities __The Medeci Family__ -made their fortune in banking and trade - 1434- Cosimo de' Medici won Florence's Government, dictator for 30 years

-**the study of classical texts led to Humanism -Humanists influenced artists and writers to carry classical traditions -suggested people live the best life they could -based thinking on "here and now" -as the Renaissance advanced -> artistic styles changed -writers adopted humanism
 * Renaissance Revolutionizes Art

-invented by Johann Gutenberg, made the Gutenberg Bible in 1455 -the printing press made it able for people to buy books and learning increased
 * The Printing Press**
 * people reading the bible became more critical of priests and their behavior
 * led to demands of religious reform

-originally a monk -wrote the 95 thesis, attacking merchants and the church and posted it on the door of the church, his words were spread around -Luther's teachings said that __Edict of Worms__ issued by Charles V -declared that Luther was an outlaw and a heratic, no one could give him food or shelter -Prince Frederick of Saxony sheltered Luther -Luther and his followers became the __Lutherans__
 * Luther Starts Reform**
 * people win salvation only by faith in God
 * the Church's teachings should be based on the words of the Bible/ the Pope and the Church traditions were false
 * people of faith were all equal

-Princes in Germany supported and disagreed Lutheranism __-1592__- German Princes loyal to the Pope joined against Luther, became the __Protestants__ -Emperor Charles V went to war against Protestant Princes, they refused to go back to the Catholic Church __-Peace of Augsberg (1555)__ -declared regions of German states were determined by the religion
 * Germany at War**

-1527, Pope refuses to annul Henry VIII marriage to Catherine because she couldn't give him a son -Henry asks Parliment to pass laws ending the Pope's power in England (known as Reformation of Parliment) -made the King the head of the Church of England __Queen Elizabeth__ -returned England to Protestantism -set up the national church -Book of Common Prayer revised to be more acceptable to Catholics
 * England becomes Protestant**

-religion based on John Calvin's teachings -believed the ideal government was a theocracy
 * Calvinism**
 * Calvinism is considered influential because Protestant Churches trace their roots back to Calvin

-John Knox spread Calvin's ideas in Scottish towns/ followers became __Presbyterians__ -Swiss, Dutch & French reformers adopted Calvinistic form of church organization -followers in France called Huguenots -hatred between Catholics and Huguenots caused problems

-people who thought you should be baptised as a child and and adult
 * Anabaptists**

-__Ignatius of Loyola__ -catholic reformer -1540, Pope made followers of him an order called __Society of Jesus__/ members were called __Jesuits__
 * Catholic Reformation**



=<span style="color: rgb(127,0,255);">**DBQ/ Primary Source** =



<span style="background-color: rgb(255,255,0);">Think about this.....
Who were the people that helped lead to the reformation of the church?? According to the map, which area's would conflicts take place??

=<span style="color: rgb(127,0,255);">**Top 10 Things a Global Smart Kid Needs to Know (By Eileen and Allie)** =

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<span style="color: rgb(127,0,255);">2. The Catholic Church under went reform and launched the Crusades against the Muslims, which resulted in trade and exploration, and the Christian world learned and adopted a lot from the Muslim world. =====

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<span style="color: rgb(127,0,255);">3. European cities challenged the feudal system as agriculture, trade, universities and finance developed. They were torn apart by religious arguments, the plague and the 100 years war. =====

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<span style="color: rgb(127,0,255);">7. Martin Luther began a reform movement, called the Reformation. He protested over abuses in the Catholic Church, which led to the formation of the Protestant Church by John Calvin. =====

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= = =<span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); background-color: rgb(255,255,255);">**Links!!** = <span style="color: rgb(0,0,0); background-color: rgb(255,255,255);">[] [|Medieval Times Info] [|Medieval Timeline]